Rethinking Rights and Global Development

Introduction With regards to the statement made by Jack Donnelly, the human rights regime is as a result of globalization. The ideology of social, political and economic stability has been widely spread to a number of nations all across the world. the fight for human rights and equality has also followed the same trend. For many centuries, human beings have been living in civilizations that are characterised with oppression and inequality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rethinking Rights and Global Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was especially so in traditional societies and early civilization. As a result, it was only the rich, the powerful and the elite who enjoyed the powers and privileges of the community at the expense of the less fortunate individuals in the society. With regards to this, only a small portion of the community enjoyed the full benefit of the society at the expense of the entire population. However, since the 15th century, a lot of changes have taken place. More individuals have become enlightened and hence fought for their rights and freedom. This process started during the enlightenment period in the 15th and 16th century in Europe and quickly spread around to North America, Asia and finally it became a global phenomenon. The resultant effects of this revolution during its early days were the Napoleonic wars in France, the division of the Roman Catholic Church, the independence of the United States and the abolition of slave trade. With this enlightenment, individuals wanted economic, social and political development in their states. At the same time, they wanted the rights and freedoms of all individuals to be respected. At the present time, there are some states that exhibit high levels of democracy as compared to others. Due to this fact, the developed nations try to integrate their values, customs and procedures into the governments of developi ng nations. This has been done to ensure that strong political regimes have been put in place in the various states of the world. As a result, there has been the establishment of international bodies that fight for the rights and freedoms of individuals at a global level. These include international courts, triburnals and committees. The main aim of these bodies is to ensure that the rights of all individuals are respected at an international level so as to achieve a global social, economical and political growth. Problem Statement The fight for human rights has come about as a result of globalization and the need for equality among individuals. With the current trends in the growth and development of the global approach of solving common issues that affect many states in the world, a lot of international bonds and treaties have been made.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This ha s been done to ensure that the welfare of all individuals in the world is taken care of at an international level. Government have found it easier to combat issues together as a team rather than as individuals. To fully explore on this issue, this study will focus on the humanitarian crisis that hit the horn of Africa mid this year as a result of food crisis and the reaction of the global community to the issue. Theoretical Approach The theory of protection of human dignity and life will be the main theory that will be tested in this study. It is part of human nature for an individual to care and have mercy for another individual, especially when the other party is in need of help and attention. Another theory that will be tested is the theory of global sustainability. Man has worked hard for many years to ensure that he lives a comfortable life and creates a better environment for future generations. Due to this fact, governments have come together as a team to ensure that a social , political and economic growth of all states in the world. All these theories will be tested in the study. Case Study The case study of this project will be the horn of Africa, Somalia to be in particular. To collect relevant data for the study, secondary sources of information will be used. This will include the use of books, journals, media and other print materials. This information will provide an overview of the issue at hand and the impact of other nations to alleviate it. Simple data analysis will be conducted from the data that will be collected and inferences and conclusions shall be made. This essay on Rethinking Rights and Global Development was written and submitted by user Tomas Robinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Rethinking Rights and Global Development

First Inhabitants of the New World essays

First Inhabitants of the New World essays Most of what we know about the first inhabitants of North America, the ancestors of today's First Nations and Inuit, is due to the work of archaeologists. These specialists have generally divided the past into two periods: the historic period, for which we have written accounts; and the prehistoric period, prior to the existence of written records. Archaeological work on the prehistoric period - studying stone tools, bone chips, and faunal and other remains - is invaluable because few other types Certain key discoveries have contributed to our knowledge of these people. In 1927 a fluted point was uncovered near the town of Folsom, New Mexico, which dated back to about 8,500 BC. Similar artifacts from the same time period have since been discovered in Canada. In 1975 a discovery was made at the Bluefish Caves in the mountains of the northern Yukon Territory. These three small caves contained the bones of ancient animals, many of which showed signs that they had been butchered. As well, archaeologists found stone tools that could only have been made by humans. One tool, a burin or stone chisel, is the oldest evidence of human occupation in Canada. Using a technique known as radiocarbon dating, scientists were able to conclude that hunting parties between 25,000 and 12,000 years ago used the caves intermittently. Over the millennia these ancient peoples dispersed throughout North America and developed subsistence strategies particular to their environments. For example, ancestors of today's Inuit learned how to cope with their harsh environment by using the northern resources to their advantage and developing unique tools. Those migrating to the coastal and prairie regions of the country did the same, adapting to their surroundings By the time of first contact with the Europeans, there were millions ...

Best Character Analysis Jay Gatsby - The Great Gatsby

Best Character Analysis Jay Gatsby - The Great Gatsby SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The man, the myth, the legend, Jay Gatsby is the titular hero of The Great Gatsby. Nick first comes to know him as an incredibly wealthy, mysterious man who throws lavish parties, but we eventually learn his background: a boy from humble origins who is desperate to win back the love of a rich woman, Daisy, and loses everything in his last attempt to win her over. So where did Gatsby get his money? Does he actually love Daisy? And what’s so â€Å"great† about him anyway? This guide explains Gatsby’s rags-to-riches story, what he does in the novel, his most famous lines, and common essay topics. Read on for an in-depth guide to all things Jay Gatsby. Article Roadmap Gatsbyas a character Physical description Gatsby'sbackground Actions in the novel Character Analysis Quotes about and byGatsby Common discussion topics and essay ideas FAQ clarifyingconfusing points aboutGatsby Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. Jay Gatsby's Physical Description We were sitting at a table with a man of about my age (3.60) He smiled understandinglymuch more than understandingly. It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It facedor seemed to facethe whole external world for an instant, and then concentrated onyouwith an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just so far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself and assured you that it had precisely the impression of you that, at your best, you hoped to convey. Precisely at that point it vanishedand I was looking at an elegant young rough-neck, a year or two over thirty, whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being absurd. (3.76) His tanned skin was drawn attractively tight on his face and his short hair looked as though it were trimmed every day. (3.93) Gatsby’s very first appearance is a bit surprising and anti-climatic – he is presented as just another party-goer of Nick’s age before it’s revealed that he’s actually the famous Gatsby. That said, Nick’s description of Gatsby’s smile – â€Å"rare† and â€Å"full of eternal reassurances† that â€Å"understood you the way you wanted to be understood† – sets Gatsby apart as someone special and alluring. Gatsby has tan skin and short hair, but otherwise most of Gatsby’s characterization comes through his dialogue and actions – Nick doesn’t linger on his physical appearance the way he does with other characters (especially Tom and Myrtle). Perhaps Gatsby having more of a â€Å"blank slate† appearance allows the reader to more easily project his shifting characterization onto him (from mysterious party host to the military man madly in love with Daisy to the ambitious farmboy James Gatz), whereas characters like Tom Buchanan and Myrtle are more stiffly characterized. Jay Gatsby's Background Gatsby was born â€Å"James Gatz,† the son of poor farmers, in North Dakota. However, he was deeply ambitious and determined to be successful. He changed his name to â€Å"Jay Gatsby† and learned the manners of the rich on the yacht of Dan Cody, a wealthy man who he saved from a destructive storm and ended up being employed by. However, although Cody intended to leave his fortune to Gatsby, it ended up being taken by Cody’s ex-wife Ella Kaye, leaving Jaywith the knowledge and manners of the upper class, but no money to back them up. Gatsby ended up enlisting in the military during World War I. He met Daisy in Louisville before he was shipped out to Europe. In his uniform, there was no way for anyone to know he wasn’t wealthy, and Daisy assumed he was due to his manners. He kept up this lie to keep up their romance, and when he left she promised to wait for him. Gatsby fought in the War, gained a medal from Montenegro for valor, and was made an officer. After the war ended, he briefly attended Oxford University through a program for officers, but left after five months. By the time Gatsby returned to America, he learned that Daisy had married and became determined to win her back. Through Meyer Wolfshiem, Gatsby got into shady business (read: bootlegging, gambling) to get rich. It worked, and Gatsby accrued a huge sum of money in just 3 years. He moved to West Egg, bought an extravagant mansion and a Rolls Royce, and started throwing lavish parties and building up a reputation, all in the hopes of meeting Daisy again. Luckily, an aspiring bond salesman named Nick Carraway moves in next door just as the novel begins. Nick is Daisy’s second cousin, and through that connection he is able to reunite with Daisy during the novel. To see how Gatsby's life fits into the biographies of the novel's other characters, check out our timeline. What Jay Gatsby Does in the Novel Although Nick briefly glimpses Gatsby reaching out to Daisy’s green light at the end of Chapter 1, we don’t properly meet Gatsby until Chapter 3. Gatsby has been throwing lavish parties, and he invites Nick Carraway to one. They meet, and Gatsby takes a liking to Nick, inviting him out on his hydroplane the next day. He also speaks to Jordan Baker in private, and reveals his past history with Daisy Buchanan. In Chapter 4, he spends more time with Nick, telling him about his service in WWI as well as a made-up story about his past as the only surviving member of a wealthy family. Later, he has Jordan explain Gatsby and Daisy’s background in a bid to get Nick to help the pair reunite. Through Jordan and Nick, Gatsby is thus able to meet with Daisy again and begins an affair with her in Chapter 5. Throughout all of this Gatsby continues to do business with Meyer Wolfsheim and run his own bootlegging â€Å"business," mainly based on the mysterious phone calls he's always taking. Rumors begin to swirl about where he got his money. Tom Buchanan, in particular, is instantly suspicious of Gatsby when they meet in Chapter 6 and even more so after he and Daisy attend one of Gatsby’s parties. Daisy seems particularly unhappy and Gatsby frets. At the beginning of Chapter 7, he stops throwing the parties, fires his current staff, and hires Wolfshiem’s people instead, telling Nick he needs discreet people – this makes the affair easier, but also hints at Gatsby’s criminal doings.In the climactic Manhattan confrontation with Tom and Daisy later in Chapter 7, Gatsby tries to get Daisy to admit she never loved Tom, and to leave him, but she doesn’t. Later in the same chapter, he and Daisy leave together to drive back to West Egg in Gatsby’s distinctive yellow car. However, Daisy is driving and hits and kills Myrtle Wilson, who ran out into the road since she thought the car was Tom’s. Gatsby resolves to take the blame for the incident and still believes that Daisy will leave Tom for him. During Chapter 8, Gatsby confides in Nick about his past, the true story this time.At the end of Chapter 8, Gatsby is shot and killed by George Wilson, who believes Gatsby killed Myrtle and was the one sleeping with her. Meanwhile, Daisy and Tom have left town to avoid the repercussions of Myrtle’s death. In Chapter 9, Gatsby’s funeral is sparsely attended, despite Nick’s efforts to invite people. Gatsby’s father does make an appearance, sharing some details about young Jay’s early ambition and focus. Nick leaves New York shortly after, disenchanted with life on the east coast. Thus Gatsby's actual death has caused Nick's metaphorical death of leaving New York forever. Though real death is obviously much worse. Jay Gatsby Quotes Catchphrase: â€Å"old sport† Gatsby adopts this catchphrase, which was used among wealthy people in England and America at the time, to help build up his image as a man from old money, which is related to his frequent insistence he is â€Å"an Oxford man.† Note that both Jordan Baker and Tom Buchanan are immediately skeptical of both Gatsby’s â€Å"old sport† phrase and his claim to being an Oxford man, indicating that despite Gatsby’s efforts, it is incredibly difficult to pass yourself off as â€Å"old money† when you aren’t. He reached in his pocket and a piece of metal, slung on a ribbon, fell into my palm. "That's the one from Montenegro." To my astonishment, the thing had an authentic look. Orderi di Danilo, ran the circular legend, Montenegro, Nicolas Rex. "Turn it." Major Jay Gatsby, I read, For Valour Extraordinary. (4.34-39) In this moment, Nick begins to believe and appreciate Gatsby, and not just see him as a puffed-up fraud. The medal, to Nick, is hard proof that Gatsby did, in fact, have a successful career as an officer during the war and therefore that some of Gatsby’s other claims might be true. For the reader, the medal serves as questionable evidence that Gatsby really is an â€Å"extraordinary† man – isn’t it a strange that Gatsby has to produce physical evidence to get Nick to buy his story? (Imagine how strange it would be to carry around a physical token to show to strangers to prove your biggest achievement.) He had passed visibly through two states and was entering upon a third. After his embarrassment and his unreasoning joy he was consumed with wonder at her presence. He had been full of the idea so long, dreamed it right through to the end, waited with his teeth set, so to speak, at an inconceivable pitch of intensity. Now, in the reaction, he was running down like an overwound clock. (5.4) In Chapter 5, the dream Gatsby has been working towards for years – to meet and impress Daisy with his fabulous wealth – finally begins to come to fruition. And so, for the first time, we see Gatsby’s genuine emotions, rather than his carefully-constructed persona. Nick finds these emotions almost as beautiful and transformative as Gatsby’s smile, though there’s also the sense that this love could quickly veer off the rails: Gatsby is running down â€Å"like an overwound clock.† In that sense, this moment gently foreshadows the escalating tensions that lead to the novel's tragic climax. "I wouldn't ask too much of her," I ventured. "You can't repeat the past." "Can't repeat the past?" he cried incredulously. "Why of course you can!" He looked around him wildly, as if the past were lurking here in the shadow of his house, just out of reach of his hand. "I'm going to fix everything just the way it was before," he said, nodding determinedly. "She'll see." (6.128-131) This is probably Gatsby’s single most famous line. His insistence that he can repeat the past and recreate everything as it was in Louisville sums up his intense determination to win Daisy back at any cost. It also shows his naivetà © and optimism, even delusion, about what is possible in his life – an attitude which are increasingly at odds with the cynical portrait of the world painted by Nick Carraway. "Your wife doesn't love you," said Gatsby. "She's never loved you. She loves me." (7.238) This is the moment Gatsby lays his cards out on the table, so to speak – he risks everything to try and win over Daisy. His insistence that Daisy never loved Tom also reveals how Gatsby refuses to acknowledge Daisy could have changed or loved anyone else since they were together in Louisville. This declaration, along with his earlier insistence that he can â€Å"repeat the past,† creates an image of an overly optimistic, naà ¯ve person, despite his experiences in the war and as a bootlegger. Especially since Daisy can’t support this statement, saying that she loved both Tom and Gatsby, and Tom quickly seizes power over the situation by practically ordering Gatsby and Daisy to drive home together, Gatsby’s confident insistence that Daisy has only ever loved him feels desperate, even delusional. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that's no mattertomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther. . . . And one fine morning So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. (9.153-154) One of the most famous ending lines in modern literature, this quote is Nick’s final analysis of Gatsby – someone who believed in â€Å"the green light, the orgastic future† that he could never really attain. Our last image of Gatsby is of a man who believed in a world (and a future) that was better than the one he found himself in – but you can read more about interpretations of the ending, both optimistic and pessimistic, in our guide to the end of the book. Jay Gatsby Character Analysis If you read The Great Gatsby, odds are you will have to write at least one paper that analyzes Gatsby as a character or connects him to a larger theme, like money, love, or the American Dream. To do this well, you should closely read Gatsby’s key scenes (meeting Daisy again in Chapter 5, the confrontation in the hotel in Chapter 7, his decision to take the blame in Chapter 8) along with his background, revealed over Chapters 6, 8, and 9. By understanding both Gatsby's past and his present in the novel, you can write about him confidently despite his many-layered personality. It can be helpful to compare Gatsby to other characters, because it can make it easier to understand his attitude and motivations. Nick’s cynical nature makes Gatsby’s naivetà © and optimism readily apparent, for example. You should also consider how Gatsby’s interaction with the book’s famous symbols (especially the green light) reveal aspects of his character. Remember that there are many valid ways to interpret Gatsby, as he is a very complex, mysterious character. As long as you back up your arguments with evidence from the book you can connect Gatsby to various big-picture themes and ideas. We will explore that in action below with some common essay topics about Gatsby. Gatsby is especially linked to the American Dream! What makes Gatsby so great? I think the best way to tackle this question is to ask â€Å"why is Gatsby called great† or â€Å"who thinks Gatsby is great?† That way you won’t get bogged down in an unoriginal argument like â€Å"well, he has a lot of money and throws amazing parties, and that’s pretty awesome, so†¦he’s pretty great I guess?† Remember that the book is narrated by Nick Carraway, and all of our impressions of the characters come from his point of view. So the real question is â€Å"why does Nick Carraway think Gatsby is great?† Or in other words, what is it about Gatsby that captures cynical Nick Carraway’s imagination? And the answer to that comes from Gatsby’s outlook and hope, not his money or extravagance, which are in fact everything that Nick claims to despise. Nick admires Gatsby due to his optimism, how he shapes his own life, and how doggedly he believes in his dream, despite the cruel realities of 1920s America. So Gatsby’s greatness comes from his outlook – even if, to many readers, Gatsby’s steadfast belief in Daisy’s love and his own almost god-like abilities come off as delusional. Why is Gatsby obsessed with repeating the past? Gatsby is not so much obsessed with repeating the past as reclaiming it. He wants to both return to that beautiful, perfect moment when he wedded all of his hopes and dreams to Daisy in Louisville, and also to make that past moment his present (and future!). It also means getting right what he couldn’t get right the first time by winning Daisy over. So Gatsby’s obsession with the past is about control – over his own life, over Daisy – as much as it is about love. This search for control could be a larger symptom of being born into a poor/working class family in America, without much control over the direction of his own life. Even after he’s managed to amass great wealth, Gatsby still searches for control over his life in other ways. Perhaps he fixates on the reclamation of that moment in his past because by winning over Daisy, he can finally achieve each of the dreams he imagined as a young man. How would the book be different if Gatsby â€Å"got the girl?† The Great Gatsby would probably be much less memorable, first of all! Sad endings tend to stick in your mind more stubbornly than happy ones. Furthermore, the novel would lose its power as a reflection on the American Dream if Gatsby ended up with Daisy, the book would be a straightforward rags-to-riches American Dream success story. In order to be critical of the American Dream, Gatsby has to lose everything he’s gained. The novel would also lose its power as an indictment of class in America, since if Daisy and Gatsby ended up together it would suggest walls coming down between old and new money, something that never happens in the book. Instead, the novel depicts class as a rigid and insurmountable barrier in 1920s America. A happy ending would also seem to reward both Gatsby’s bad behavior (including crime, dishonesty, and cheating) as well as Daisy’s (cheating, killing Myrtle). This would change the tone of the ending, since Gatsby's tragic death seems to outweigh any of his crimes in Nick's eyes. Also, Gatsby likely wouldn't have caught on as an American classic during the ultra-conservative 1950s had its ending appeared to endorse behavior like cheating, crime, and murder. In short, although on your first read of the novel you more than likely are hoping for Gatsby to succeed in winning over Daisy, the novel would be much less powerful with a stereotypically happy ending. How does Jay Gatsby represent the American Dream? Should we be hopeful or cynical about the status of the American Dream by the end of the novel? There is a bit of a progression in how the reader regards the American Dream in the course of the novel, which moves in roughly three stages and corresponds to what we know about Jay Gatsby. First, the novel expresses a cautious belief in the American Dream. Gatsby’s parties are lavish, Nick rides over the Queensboro bridge with optimism and the belief that anything can happen in New York (4.55-7), and we see some small but significant breaking of class conventions: Myrtle holding court at an apartment with Tom Buchanan (Chapter 2), the â€Å"modish† African Americans riding over the bridge with a white driver (4.56), old money and new money mingling at Gatsby’s party (Chapter 3). However, this optimism quickly gives way to skepticism. As you learn more about Gatsby’s background and likely criminal ties in the middle-to-late chapters (4-8), combined with how broken George seems in Chapter 7 upon learning of his wife’s affair, it seems like the lavish promises of the American Dream we saw in the earlier half of the book are turning out to be hollow, at best. This skepticism gives way to pessimism by the end of the novel. With Gatsby dead, along with George and Myrtle, and only the rich alive, the novel has progressed to a charged, emotional critique of the American Dream. After all, how can you believe in the American Dream in a world where the strivers end up dead and those born into money (literally) get away with murder? So by the end of the novel, the reader should be pretty pessimistic about the state of the American Dream, though there is a bit of hope to be found in the way Nick reflects on Gatsby’s outlook and extends Gatsby's hope to everyone in America. Is Gatsby a tragic hero? How you answer this prompt will depend on the definition you use of tragic hero. The most straightforward definition is pretty obvious: a tragic hero is the hero of a tragedy. (And to be precise, a tragedy is a dramatic play, or more recently any work of literature, that treats sorrowful events caused or witnessed by a great hero with dignity and seriousness.) If we consider The Great Gatsby a tragedy, that would certainly make Gatsby a tragic hero, since he’s the hero of the book! But in Aristotle’s (influential) and more specific definition, a tragic hero is a flawed individual who commits, without evil intentions, some wrong that leads to their misfortunate, usually followed by a realization of the true nature of events that led to his destiny. The tragic hero also has a reversal of fortune, often going from a high place (in terms of society, money, and status) to a ruined one. He also has a â€Å"tragic flaw,† a character weakness that leads to his demise. Using Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero, Gatsby might not fit. There isn’t a sense that he commits some great wrong (unlike, say, the classic example of Oedipus Rex, who kills his own father and marries his mother) – rather, his downfall is perhaps the result of a few smaller wrongs: he commits crimes and puts too much faith in Daisy, who ends up being a killer. In that sense, Gatsby is more of a playful riff on the idea of a tragic hero, someone who is doomed from aiming too high and from trusting too much. Especially since a huge part of The Great Gatsby is a critique of the American Dream, and specifically the unjust American society that all of the characters have to live within, the idea of a tragic hero – a single person bringing about his own fate – doesn’t quite fit within the frame of the novel. Instead, Nick seems to indict the society around Gatsby for the tragedy, not Gatsby himself. Final Questions Does Gatsby really love Daisy? Does Daisy really love Gatsby? On the surface in Gatsby, we see a man doing whatever it takes to win over the woman he loves (Daisy). He even seems willing to sacrifice everything to protect her by taking the blame for Myrtle's death. However, he ends up killed for his involvement in the affair while Daisy skips town to avoid the aftermath. This can make it look like Gatsby loves Daisy truly while Daisy doesn't love him at all. However, the truth is much more complicated. Gatsby claims to love Daisy, but he rarely takes into account her own feelings or even the fact that five years have passed since their first romance and that she's changed. In fact, he's so determined to repeat the past that he is unable to see that Daisy is not devoted to him in the way he thinks she is. Furthermore, Gatsby seems to love Daisy more for what she represents money, status, beauty than as an actual, flawed human being. As for Daisy, it’s pretty clear she loved Gatsby up until she married Tom (see the bathtub scene as recounted by Jordan in Chapter 4), but whether she still loves him or is just eager to escape her marriage is harder to determine (you can read more in depth about Daisy right here). Either way, there are certainly strong feelings on both sides. I don't think you could argue Daisy never loved Gatsby or Gatsby never loved Daisy, but their relationship is complex and uneven enough that it can raise doubts. Read more about love and relationships in Gatsby for more analysis! What’s up with Nick and Gatsby’s friendship? Does Nick believe Gatsby? Why does Gatsby come to admire Nick? Nick, for his part, starts out suspicious of Gatsby but ends up truly admiring him, to the point that he tells Gatsby that he’s worth more than Daisy, Tom, and their ilk put together. But why does Gatsby come to rely on Nick so much? Part of the answer comes in Nick’s introduction, when he establishes himself as both part of a privileged group (his family is pretty wealthy and he’s a Yale graduate), but also someone who’s not as incredibly wealthy as the Buchanans – in short, Nick is the sort of person Gatsby wishes he was but not to the degree Gatsby would be jealous of him. Perhaps more importantly, Nick establishes himself as relatively grounded and a good listener, which is the type of person lacking in Gatsby’s high-flying circles (hundreds of people come to his parties but Nick seems to be the first real friend he makes). Both Nick and Gatsby seem to recognize each other as kindred spirits – people both â€Å"within and without† of New York society, rich but not old money aristocracy. The cherry on top of this is the fact Nick is related to Daisy, and is thus a link to her Gatsby can use. So Gatsby starts confiding in Nick to get closer to Daisy, but continues because he finds Nick to be a genuine friend – again, something he severely lacks, as his poor funeral attendance suggests. What’s up with the â€Å"Jay Gatsby is black† theory? Is there any chance it’s true? Recently, some scholars have argued that another possible layer of The Great Gatsby is that Gatsby is actually part black, but passing as white. This would make Tom’s racist statements much more charged and ironic, if it’s true his wife is cheating on him with a black man. It would also explain Gatsby’s desire to completely sever ties to his past and reinvent himself with an old money background. However, many Fitzgerald scholars point out that Fitzgerald’s conversations with his editor about the book are well documented, and they never had any discussions about Gatsby’s race. So basically, this theory is intriguing and can be argued for based on the text, but if you take a more historical/biographical approach it’s less likely to be true. You can read more about it here and decide for yourself if you believe it! There are also similar theories that argue that Gatsby is Jewish. You can read one such theory in depth here. Is Gatsby based on a real person? Is this a true story? Is there a Great Gatsby house I can go visit? The Great Gatsby is not based on a true story, and there wasn’t a specific person in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s life who inspired the character of Jay Gatsby. However, F. Scott Fitzgerald did live briefly on Long Island (which is the inspiration for East Egg and West Egg) and spent time with New York celebrities. This was all during the 1920s, when bootlegging and organized crime were in their heyday. So he certainly could have been inspired by real life, newly-rich celebrities. (If you’re curious, the house Fitzgerald lived in is still standing on Long Island, but it’s not a tourist site like, say, Mark Twain’s house is.) Finally, and perhaps most potently, Fitzgerald himself went through a Gatsby-like heartbreak. Before he married Zelda Sayre, he was in love with a wealthy woman named Ginevra King. A dark-haired beauty, Ginevra went on to marry a wealthy man, leaving F. Scott Fitzgerald behind and heartbroken. Those experiences may have all combined to create the character of Jay Gatsby (as well as Daisy Buchanan), but Jay isn’t based on any one person. You can also read more about F. Scott Fitzgerald's life and the history of the novel's composition. What’s Next? Still confused about how the last few chapters play out? Catch up with our summaries of chapters 7, 8, and 9. Read more about Daisy and Gatsby’s relationship and how it stacks up to others in the novel over at our analysis of love, desire, and relationships in Gatsby. Still wondering about Gatsby’s legacy? Is he a man to be admired or a cautionary tale of someone who put too much stock in an old love? Read about different ways to interpret the novel’s ending. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

GLOBAL CHALLENGES FOR BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP Essay - 1

GLOBAL CHALLENGES FOR BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP - Essay Example Firms are essentially focussing on improving their management practises in an attempt to improve their business processes. The competitive value framework is a model that essentially helps business organizations to generate competitive advantage by enhancing the value proposition of the organization. The model named as one of the most essential and effective business models was proposed by Quinn & Rorhbaugh in 1983 (Competing Values Company, n.d., p.1). Figure 1: Competitive Values Framework According to Koontz & Weihrich (2006) management is defined as â€Å"the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups efficiently accomplish selected aims† (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006, p.5). ... Internal factors largely include the internal strengths, weakness and opportunities of an organization and are largely associated with the operational and process management practices. External factors on the other hand include the political, legal, economic and sociological factors and help generate an impact for the organization. Relational perspectives include the interpersonal elements of inter group relationships while the empirical elements includes the internal business processes for collection and integration of information handling and management. Political and relational elements denote flexibility and stability while the rational and empirical elements ensure control and stability in a business organization (Schuman, 2010). The combined effect of all the above elements or factors determines the nature of effectiveness of the business strategies adopted by the organizations. Each element represents a set of core values of the firm that are largely distinct from the rest of the others. They show the extent to which an organization tries to be flexible and adoptable to the business environment while maintain an internal stability in the organization. The importance of this model in the present day business environment of turbulence can be easily noted from the fact that it largely helps in displaying the pros and cons, the opposing as well as supporting elements of the business strategies and the nature of alternatives before an organization that can largely help in maintaining profitability and adaptability while maintain an overall stability in the business processes and the organization (Cameron, 2009, p.2-3). Application Organisation Name and Challenge The organization selected for the present study is

Marketing Research Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Research Practices - Essay Example The main purpose of these developments was to develop products that could be used in everyday life. The research involves finding potential problems in the present applications used and resolving them by updating them or using new products. The researchers found the flexibility of a product enables it to be used by more clients. Another important factor probably the most important one is the cost. If the final product is expensive there will be only few takers for it. Therefore research has been done to use cost effective products. Qualitative research methods are more often used as it involves observation of data that helps in finding solutions to the problems. Qualitative research has been categorised into three categories named as positivist, interpretive and critical. Positivist research methods involves attempt to test theory that to understand the predictive element of the phenomena. It involves formal propositions, hypothesis testing, measuring of quantifiable variables, etc. In this type of research it is assumed that the objectives are given in reality and can be measured by their properties. Interpretive research method involves sharing of information and social constructions such as language.

Employee right case study bea Essay Example for Free

Employee right case study bea Essay The Pledge of Loyalty is part of the baptismal of fire when you enter an organization. When you become part of a group, you are obliged to follow the pledge or if you cannot, just leave. And this will play a crucial role in the discussion of this case study. On the first question of Allen Lopez retaining his job, while the First Amendment states that Lopez’ airing of grievance is protected under the Freedom of Expression, he is, however, in conflict with the crime of defamation and for not observing employment restrictions and loyalty oaths. So while he is allowed to use whatever medium to state his feelings and ideas, the law allows his company to fire him for he endangers the security of his company’s workforce. On the second question on whether Lopez be forced to remove his website, the company may do one of two things. First, the company may petition for Temporary Restraining Order that will be issued by the court which will then order Lopez to freeze the website or to bring it down temporarily before the court decides on whether putting up the website did violate company laws as stated in the loyalty pledge. Second is to sue Lopez for damages and include in their motion that he bring down the website to curb further attacks on the company’s image. Lastly, on how ExtremeNets executives will respect Lopezs rights and dignity, it is best for ExtremeNet to simply ask the court to bring the website down especially if it did not pose any significant negative effects in the dealings of the company. Allen Lopez has been a good employee and was only fighting for the welfare of the lower ranking employees. But still, it is in the discretion of ExtremeNet to either fire or retain Allen Lopez in the company. FindLaw. First Amendment – Freedom of Expression. accessible at http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment01/ eLaws. Employment Law Guide. accessible at http://www.dol.gov/compliance/guide/

The Clinton-lewinsky Scandal :: William Jefferson Clinton Essays

Lately, the top story in the news day after day, months after months have been about William Jefferson Clinton, also known as Bill. Who could blame them, there is nothing better than a story out of the ordinary, especially one with presidential status. For the past months he has been the most talked about figure, being the essential topic for news, talk shows, late night comedy and even going as far as the big screen. Talk about 'Primary Colors' and 'Wag the Dog.' What has gotten to me the most however, were the constant flow of Republicans, along with a few Democrats, who just want to say how shocked and embarrassed they are along with the people of the United States.The president had not just become the most talked about figure, but also one history had ever seen, so far that is, breaking the record and becoming a topic of conversation and debate 'twenty-four seven.' The people, who I think were most affected by this crisis and feel very sad for, are the Republicans, since they ha d lost severe amount of sleep over the president's bedroom crisis. They had to perform their republican duties by shocking our brains with the president's affair with Monica Lewinsky. We had to ignore the rest of the world news and its issues while they plough through the valley of lies, abuse of power and something they called high crimes and misdemeanors. At first we listen and listen and listen but eventually got bored. Not a whole lot of people felt comfortable smelling someone dirty laundry which was aired for a very, very long time. I personally got tired of this never ending story a very long time ago, since I have a great deal of respect for Mr. Clinton. I love the guy and no I am not talking romantically. I love Mr. Clinton as a teacher and most importantly as a role model. There is a story behind how Mr. Clinton earned my respect, which had nothing to do with his cute looks, but rather his character.From what I've seen, he is a hardworking, dedicated, and caring individual. Most of all, he maintains his personality as an ordinary person just like you and me. His work as a president for the past years speaks for it self. From what I've observed, Mr. Clinton is always willing to act on the people's behalf and addressing the issues that concern them the most. The Clinton-lewinsky Scandal :: William Jefferson Clinton Essays Lately, the top story in the news day after day, months after months have been about William Jefferson Clinton, also known as Bill. Who could blame them, there is nothing better than a story out of the ordinary, especially one with presidential status. For the past months he has been the most talked about figure, being the essential topic for news, talk shows, late night comedy and even going as far as the big screen. Talk about 'Primary Colors' and 'Wag the Dog.' What has gotten to me the most however, were the constant flow of Republicans, along with a few Democrats, who just want to say how shocked and embarrassed they are along with the people of the United States.The president had not just become the most talked about figure, but also one history had ever seen, so far that is, breaking the record and becoming a topic of conversation and debate 'twenty-four seven.' The people, who I think were most affected by this crisis and feel very sad for, are the Republicans, since they ha d lost severe amount of sleep over the president's bedroom crisis. They had to perform their republican duties by shocking our brains with the president's affair with Monica Lewinsky. We had to ignore the rest of the world news and its issues while they plough through the valley of lies, abuse of power and something they called high crimes and misdemeanors. At first we listen and listen and listen but eventually got bored. Not a whole lot of people felt comfortable smelling someone dirty laundry which was aired for a very, very long time. I personally got tired of this never ending story a very long time ago, since I have a great deal of respect for Mr. Clinton. I love the guy and no I am not talking romantically. I love Mr. Clinton as a teacher and most importantly as a role model. There is a story behind how Mr. Clinton earned my respect, which had nothing to do with his cute looks, but rather his character.From what I've seen, he is a hardworking, dedicated, and caring individual. Most of all, he maintains his personality as an ordinary person just like you and me. His work as a president for the past years speaks for it self. From what I've observed, Mr. Clinton is always willing to act on the people's behalf and addressing the issues that concern them the most.

Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

What does the text highlight about the concept of belonging? The film tells a story seen through the innocent eyes of a 8 year old boy, Bruno, who is unsure of his place in the world. The most evident concept of belonging is his hitch in his transition from childhood to adulthood. Throughout the film, he faces the conflict between accepting the harsh â€Å"Jew-killing† reality of the world or stay immersed in his fantastical world filled with adventure. Bruno also feels alienated from society having been moved from Berlin to the countryside, resulting in his isolation. On another level, he must further decide his place and to whether support his Nazi father's actions and stay true to his â€Å"Fatherland† or stay a companion with Schmal, the 8 year old Jew that Bruno befriends. 5. What connections about belonging can you make between this text and your prescribed text? In Dickinson's poems, there is a sense of disconnection with society that the poet experiences due to her isolation and seclusion from the world. Similarly, Bruno, in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, experiences the same sense of disconnection due to his unsurity over what is right or wrong. He feels out of place and confused throughout the film as a result of his youth as well as his lack of knowledge about the hostile situation in the world. Also, where Dickinson regards her relationship with nature as the most dominant one in her life as depicted in â€Å"What mystery pervades a well†, Bruno does the same in reference to his relationship with the Jew child, Schmal. Like nature, Schmal is an enigmatic character which Bruno does not seem to fully connect throughout the film, largely due to physical barriers such as the electric fence and mental factors like the judgemental character of Lt. Kotler and his father. Lastly, Dickinson realises her importance and place in the world due to her seclusion. Likewise, for the boy Bruno, it is left for him only to decide where he belongs in the world despite his age. Throughout the film, although Bruno is fed Nazi propoganda, we realise that it is ultimately up to him to decide his alliances as what he sees in the world is not quite what people describe. . What techniques does the composer use to convey his/her idas about belonging? (techniques, example, explain) Through the use of camera angles, Herman illustrates a sense of alienation between Bruno and his surroundings. He achieves this with a low shot of the new home, overshadowing and looming over a timid and doubting Bruno. Furthermore, the first scene that we see in the new home is Bruno sitting on the stairs, behind full-length banister rails, suggesting a sense of entrapment within the house. The use of costuming in the blue and white striped â€Å"pyjamas† by Herman illustrates Bruno's innocence and his inability to comprehend what is right or wrong. He does not realise that the clothing is the uniform for captured Jews but as the film progresses, harsh reality soon overtakes his naive outlook of the world. The uniforms also represent how different the prisoners are to Bruno. Bruno's conflict between childhood and adulthood is further insinuated through the quote: â€Å"My dad's a soldier, but not the sort that takes people's clothes away. The use of dramatic irony suggests again Bruno's innocence and how he is still very much a child in what is a hostile, adult world. The character of Schmul represents the power and solidarity of human relationships. What was intially a temporary friendship becomes permanent when Bruno becomes filled with regret after he betrays Schmal. A shake of the hands through the electric fence suggests that a connection between Bruno and Schmal exists regardless of any barriers. Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Bruno’s diary Year 1943, age 9 years old as I was born on the 15th april 1934. Day one of strange happenings: Today I came home from school and maria was in my bedroom going through MY things – Even my secret things. She is just a servant but I tried to be polite when I asked what she thought she was doing. Maria never takes all my private things out, she puts things away like she’s supposed too. I asked mother why maria is packing my things but she won’t answer me properly. She just keeps saying we are all going away because of father’s job. She said I’ll have to say goodbye to my friends, my best long life friends.I don’t want to say goodbye to my friends because of father’s job. I know he’s important but why can’t father go by himself and come back later? It’s not fair. I still have lots of plans with my friends that I need to do. I wonder if grandma and grandfather are coming on this holiday too? We canà ¢â‚¬â„¢t really leave them behind†¦though I don’t mind if Gretel stays – shes hopeless. Gretel can look after the house so we can come back to it if this new one isn’t as good. I wonder if the other house has a big bannister like this one that I can slide down? I hope so because it’s my favourite thing to do.Day two of strange happenings: We are at the new house and it’s horrible! It only has three floors, not five like the other one and there are no other children around to play with. I don’t like this place but mother won’t take me back home, she says this is where we live now but I don’t want to live here. Gretel doesn’t like it either, or maria, so it definitely is a horrible place to live. I’ll just have to tell father what a mistake he’s made and then we can all go back home to berlin. Even the people here are scary and boring, like that man that came out of fathers room today.I don’t thin k I like him†¦he’s too serious. Maria says to steer clear of him anyway. Day three of the horrible place: I scared Gretel today when I showed her the weird children outside my window. She is three years older than me and quite scary, so scaring her isn’t an easy thing to do. I don’t know why she has come with us anyway, all she does is cause trouble. That’s what mother and father say anyway. At least her friends can’t come round anymore. She has horrible friends that call me six when I’m actually nine! She still has her dolls though.I bet they spy on me when I’m in her room, so I don’t go in there much. Gretel said father said we are going to stay here for the foreseeable future, whatever that means. Gretel thinks it’s about 3 weeks, so at least it isn’t a month I suppose. She doesn’t like this place either though so maybe we will move back sooner. Day four of the horrible place: The people outside my window are still there. Gretel thinks that we are in the countryside and that they must be farmers. I don’t think they are farmers though because there are no animals and the ground is all brown and dirty.It doesn’t look like a nice place anyway, there are soldiers shouting at people and for some reason everyone is wearing pyjamas. I wish Gretel knew who they were and would tell me. She’s the brightest girl in her class apparently. I found them though, so they are my people, not hers. I am a high and mighty king in my bedroom and they are my minions that Gretel can’t have. I shall have to ask father what they are doing there and why they don’t have baths. I’ll know more than Gretel then, even though she’s older. Day five:Father came to the house today. We had to leave earlier than father on the train. There were a lot of other people coming this way on the train too†¦but they were all on one big train squashed together. I donâ₠¬â„¢t know why they didn’t just come on the same train as us because we had lots of empty seats they could have used. I was very brave today and asked father when we were going home because it’s horrible here. I thought father would get very angry because I’m not supposed to go into his office or waste his time saying hello or asking silly questions.Father said we have to do things we don’t like though because other people know what’s best for us. He said we have to accept the situation we find ourselves in and then everything will become easier†¦or something like that. I still don’t like it here though and it will never be home. I don’t know why father can’t see that he’s made a mistake. I even told him to apologise to the fury and then we can go back to berlin. Father is a very respectable man but I still think he is wrong. Why doesn’t he just listen to us instead of his job? Extract from chapter 12, pages 128 – 129 †¦we had to move to a different part of Cracow, where the soldiers built a big wall and my mother and father and my brother and I all had to live in one room†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœThere was one small window in it but I didn’t like to look out of it because then I would see the wall and I hated the wall because our real home was on the other side of it. And this part of town was the bad part because it was always noisy and it was impossible to sleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœThen one day the soldiers all came with huge trucks†¦ And everyone was told to leave the houses. Lots of people didn’t want to and they hid wherever they could find a place but in the end I think they caught everyone.And the trucks took us to a train and the train†¦ The train was horrible†¦ There were too many of us in the carriages for one thing. And there was no air to breathe. And it smelled awful. ’ Shmuel’s exposition provides necessary background information that a llows the reader to identify with the character. In this particular extract, the author conjures a lot of imagery to convey emotion and mood, which is implemented through structural and lingual techniques. Ellipses are used repeatedly throughout the extract, creating a pause, which causes the reader to consider and empathise with the characters ordeal.It also contributes to the rhythm of the paragraph, setting a slow and deliberate pace, evoking heightened emotions of fear and apprehension. The simplistic language, combined with alliteration delivers a childlike and innocent approach, which draws sympathy from the reader in relation to the child’s traumatic experience. For example, the ‘soldiers built a big wall’ contrasts against shmuel and his family living in a small room, emphasising how small and vulnerable they are. The use of repetition such as the train is effective in this extract, as it creates a sense of urgency and distress, helping to set a desponden t atmosphere.This atmosphere is intensified with short sentences and a hyperbole toward the end of the paragraph (There was no air to breathe) for a dramatic impact. The boy in the striped pyjamas is a fable based on the holocaust. The protagonist of the story, Bruno, comes home from school one day to find his belongings packed and told to say goodbye to his friends due to his dads promotion. Mourning his old home Bruno sets out exploring areas he shouldn’t – his naivety and inquisitive innocence, lead him to the outskirts of a concentration camp, where he befriends a boy just like himself, albeit religious boundaries.It is this friendship between two young boys that leads to a cruel twist of fate. The hamartia of bruno, in this case his innocence, leads to his downfall. It is somewhat ironic, that the innocence and accepting nature of a child is essentially a weakness that leads to a cruel fate, whilst those that deserve misfortune are without tragedy. It also conveys a moral, classifying this book as a fable. In relation, Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare share the same themes as the boy in the striped pyjamas.Innocent characters lose their lives unnecessarily because of events that are out of their control, caused by prejudice and discrimination. Another similar feature between the two novels is that Shakespeare uses dynasties/houses to create differences and segregation between parties. In correspondence, the author of the boy in the striped pyjamas, uses clothes to create differences and symbolise their status in society. For example, the striped pyjamas indicates inferiority, weakness and suffering of the jews, whilst the uniforms of the soldiers uphold authority, cruelty and dominance.As opposed to Shakespeare, what makes this book so despairing and emotive is the reality of it. It is not a romantic, fictional play based on lust and fate – it is representative of real events where horrific tragedy’s took thousands of in nocent lives for reasons due to nothing but social status, discrimination and prejudice. It can be argued, that such events would not have occurred in reality; firstly, historical records show that more than 6000 soldiers were present in the aushwitz camp, making it unlikely that a child could escape their notice to sit at the edge of a camp and talk to an outsider.Secondly, most women and children were gassed upon their arrival, leaving the men to work. Another point raised, is that most credible 9 year olds have a lot more common sense in reality than is portrayed in this fable. Boyne’s story depends on the overwhelming naivety of his character, who is completely oblivious to the war despite his father working for Hitler. In conclusion, for a short fable aimed at children, I believe it to be a powerfully emotive tale that strikes key points. The innocence and reality of the events that took place in the book make it that much more touching, horrific and powerful.

OFDM Simulation In Matlab Computer Science Essay

Abstract-This undertaking involves the simulation and survey of a simple Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM ) system as an application of Digital Signal Processing. The country of focal point is the signal processing block of the system which uses Fast Fourier Transform ( FFT ) engines to accomplish perpendicularity of channels and thereby better the transmittal channel use. The system is simulated utilizing MATLAB and it involves transmittal of a digitized sound file through an linear white Gaussian noise ( AWGN ) channel utilizing OFDM technique and so retrieving the file at the receiving system. By correlating the original and the recovered file the effectivity of this technique is tested. The whole system realisation consists of multiple stairss – beginning processing, channel, receiving system processing, analysis. Keywords-OFDM ; AWGN ; FFT ; IFFT ; BPSK ; Orthogonality ; CrosscorrelationI. IntroductionOrthogonal frequence division multiplexing ( OFDM ) is a frequence division multiplexing strategy in which the frequence separation between next bearer channels is minimized by the usage of the construct of perpendicularity. It is one of the multiple entree techniques widely used in radio and powerline communications. OFDM can supply big informations rates with sufficient hardiness against transmittal channel damages. The OFDM strategy allows several extraneous, narrow band sub-channels or subcarriers to overlap in frequence sphere and to be transmitted in parallel thereby spliting the available transmittal bandwidth expeditiously. The input informations is divided into several parallel informations watercourses or channels, one for each subcarrier. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional digital transition strategy ( such as M-ary stage displacement identifying or Quadrature amplitude transition ) at a low symbol rate so as to keep the entire information rate similar to conventional single-carrier transition strategies utilizing the same bandwidth. The perpendicularity is achieved utilizing the fast Fourier transform ( FFT ) algorithm on the receiver side, and reverse FFT on the sender side as it allows for efficient modulator and detector execution. A general OFDM system diagram is shown in Fig. 1. At the sender, the modulated information signal ten [ n ] is foremost transformed to frequence sphere through IFFT. Then the signal is transmitted to the finish in the radio channel. At the receiving system, FFT is foremost applied to the standard signal, so the transmitted information symbol is estimated with some decrypting algorithm. The processing at each block with the assistance of MATLAB is described briefly as follows:A.Source ProcessingAt the beginning, the sound file is first read utilizing MATLAB as a vector music and converted into a binary information watercourse. Binary stage displacement keying ( BPSK ) is used as the transition strategy. In BPSK, each binary informations 1 is mapped to an information symbol of 1, while 0 is mapped to a?’1. With BPSK transition, we can obtain the information vector. Then a 512-point IFFT is performed on that vector to bring forth the vector Texas for transmittal. Zero-padding is used if the information is non a multiple of 512.B. ChannelThe channel is simple AWGN, which means that there is no channel attenuation and the noise is Gaussian distributed with zero mean and discrepancy I?2. For a random noise, the standard signal is transmitted signal ( Texas ) +noise.C. Receiver ProcessingAt the receiving system, FFT is performed on the received informations obtain the noisy informations for decrypting. Simple bit-wise maximal likeliness ( ML ) decryption is adopted. Therefore, for each received noisy information spot, if the value is larger than 0, it is decoded as 1, otherwise, 0.D. System AnalysisThe received informations will the compared with the transmitted informations utilizing crosscorrelation to analyze the difference. The execution will be repeated for different values of noise discrepancies. In the subdivisions that follow we discuss in a bit-by-bit manner how we can implement such a system by sing all the indispensable resources. In subdivision II, the development of the full system is described along with relevant theoretical background. Section III shows how the system can be simulated utilizing MATLAB tools. Section IV contains the consequences of simulation and analysis of the system. Section V concludes the paper by supplying an abstract of the work done.II. system theoretical accountThe system is simulated utilizing MATLAB. The flow diagram of the system operations is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 OFDM system theoretical account [ 8 ]A. TransmitterThe sender subdivision includes reading the sound file, change overing it into a binary watercourse, usage BPSK to modulate this watercourse and so execute N-point IFFT on the modulated informations to change over the information watercourse into N extraneous OFDM channels. In BPSK, each binary informations 1 is mapped to an information symbol of 1, while 0 is mapped to a?’1. Thus we get a consecutive watercourse of BPSK modulated informations. The watercourse is divided into N analogue informations which forms the footing of an OFDM symbol.1. FFT-IFFT Algoritms and OrthogonalityAn OFDM system treats the input BPSK modulated symbols at the sender as though they are in the frequency-domain. These symbols are converted into parallel and are used as the inputs to an IFFT block that converts the signal into the clip sphere. The IFFT takes in N symbols at a clip where N is the figure of subcarriers/channels in the system. By definition of Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform ( DFT ) : x_n = frac { 1 } { N } sum_ { k=0 } ^ { N-1 } X_k e^ { frac { 2pi I } { N } K n } quad quad n = 0, dots, N-1. The signals eiˆ?i? °ikn/N are extraneous over ( 0, N ) where Xk is the input symbol. DFT is the Fourier Transform of distinct clip signal taken at distinct blink of an eyes 2i? °k/N. FFT/IFFT is a computationally efficient version of DFT/IDFT. For case, for N point DFT the computational complexness is N2 whereas for radix-2 FFT the 1 clip calculation is broken down into log2N degrees and each degree need N calculations hence the complexness is reduced to Nlog2N degrees. Therefore cut downing the calculation clip in instance of FFT. Therefore from above definition the base maps IFFT are N extraneous sinusoids, in other words IFFT is expressed as the leaden amount of extraneous sinusoids. These sinusoids have a different frequence extraneous to each other in frequence sphere. Each input symbol Acts of the Apostless like a complex/real weight for the corresponding sinusoidal term. Input symbols will be complex if M-ary PSK is used where M & gt ; 2. In such instance the value of the symbol determines both the amplitude and stage of the sinusoid for that subcarrier. However, since BPSK is used the weights are existent. The IFFT end product is the summing up of the N weighted sinusoids. Therefore, IFFT provides a simple manner to modulate informations onto N extraneous closely separated subcarriers. The block of N end product samples from the IFFT make up a individual OFDM symbol. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr05/ofdm/images/fig4.gif ( a ) ( B ) Fig 3: OFDM spectrum ( a ) Single channel ( B ) 5 subcarriers [ 6 ] The signals e2i? °kn/N are extraneous over ( 0, N ) as sum_ { n=0 } ^ { N-1 } left ( e^ { frac { 2pi I } { N } kn } ight ) left ( e^ { -frac { 2pi I } { N } k'n } ight ) =N~delta_ { kk ‘ } This perpendicularity due to FFT among next channels implies closely spaced bearers. They can be spaced in such a manner such that the nothing ( zero amplitude response ) of one channel will happen at the extremum of the next bearer as shown in Fig. 3. Therefore merely half of the available transmittal bandwidth will be utilised comparison to standard FDM, bettering the channel use by 50 per centum. The distinct time-domain signal that consequences from the IFFT is transmitted across the channel. Actual transmittals involve transition of IFFT bins into baseband parallel bearers before transmittal over the channel. But for simpleness of analysis we transmit the digital baseband signal itself as N subcarriers in a multipath free environment. Orthogonality of the subcarriers due to IFFT allows the frequence spacing between each next subcarrier to be minimal.B. ChannelThe channel is assumed to be simple AWGN, which means that there is no channel attenuation and the noise is Gaussian dist ributed with zero mean and discrepancy I? . The familial consecutive watercourse of IFFT bins is added to the random AWGN noise generated utilizing MATLAB to enforce the effects of channel.C. ReceiverAt the receiving system, an N point FFT block is used to treat the standard signal and convey it back into the frequence sphere. By definition of Discrete Fourier Transform ( DFT ) : Due to grounds mentioned antecedently FFT is the used in topographic point of DFT. The N point FFT end product will be the original symbols that were sent to the IFFT block at the sender. The end product of the FFT block is capable to maximum likelihood sensing to pull out the binary information from the noise infested symbols. After recovery of binary informations, it is converted to its parallel tantamount thereby retracing the original sound file.III. matlab simulationA. Transmitter1.Input audio file processingThe samples of the sound file that has to be transmitted is read into a vector Y utilizing the wavread bid. The wavread bid besides outputs two statements viz. the sampling frequence and spots per sample which are stored in variables degree Fahrenheits and spots severally. The scope and amplitude of the samples obtained are really little and hence they are increased by factor of 2 ( bits-1 ) and shifted by 2 ( bits-1 ) to acquire positive samples and thereby execute quantisa tion and change over it into 16-bit binary informations utilizing the dec2bin bid. 2. BPSK transition The binary informations stored in a array is BPSK modulated utilizing the simple algorithm of mapping each binary informations 1 to an information symbol of 1, and 0 to a?’1 utilizing a for cringle. Figure 3 shows the configuration for BPSK ( 1bit/symbol ) . Figure 4: BPSK configuration3. IFFTThe BPSK modulated informations which is stored in a martix is converted into a row vector utilizing reshape bid in order to execute 512 point IFFT which is in consequence change overing the consecutive watercourse into 512 point parallel watercourse. IFFT is performed utilizing the bid ifft. The consequence of IFFT of the modulated information is an 512 point OFDM symbol. Since IFFT in MATLAB is calculated utilizing the definition of IDFT we need to multiply the IFFT vector by sqrt ( N ) to raise the mean power degree in order to keep sufficient signal to resound power ratio in the channel. After IFFT the parallel information is converted to consecutive and stored in vector txdataN.B. ChannelChannel is simulated by adding noise by bring forthing random white noise ( Gaussian distributed with average 0 and discrepancy as we specify ) utilizing the bid randn. The white noise generated utilizing randn is added it to txdataN. Thus, ch=txdataN+noise whe re noise= I?*randn ( 1, length ( txdataN ) ) .C. Receiver1.FFTThe standard OFDM signal vector ch is coverted into parallel and 512 point FFT is performed utilizing the bid fft to retrieve the noisy BPSK modulated informations. The scatterplot of the noise infested received informations is shown in Fig. 5 Fig. 5: Received Configuration with noise2.Maximum Likelihood ( ML ) DetectionIf the end product of FFT is observed to be complex, merely the existent portion is taken to observe the information symbols. Simple bit-wise maximal likeliness ( ML ) decryption is used to retrieve the original binary informations. Thus, for each received noisy information spot, if the value is larger than 0, it is decoded as 1, otherwise, 0.3. Reconstruction of audio file from recovered informationsThe cured digital information is converted into tantamount parallel samples utilizing bin2dec bid where each sample corresponds to 16 spots. The samples are so stored as a wav file recovered_music at a sampling frequence degree Fahrenheit utilizing the bid wavwrite.4. CorrelationThe cured sound file is played utilizing bid soundsc to observe the difference with the original file. The correlativity coefficient of the received sound vector and the original sound vector is calculated utilizing the bid corrcoef and stored in a matrix corr. As we change the discrepancy of the noise vector, which implies a alteration in the channel SNR, the covariance between the original and the recovered information lessenings and as a consequence we get a noisy sound at the end product.IV. System analysis and Simulation ResultsA. Frequency Analysis1.Frequency Response of input informations watercourse ( BPSK Modulated ) .2.OFDM channel frequence responseB. Input Sequence and matching OFDM symbolC. Correlation between input and end product informations1.Input sound samples. Fs=8kHz2.Recovered sound samples w/ correlativity coefficient=0.9042Discrepancy of AWGN=0.23.Recovered sound samples w/ correlativity coefficient=1Discrepancy of AWGN=0.013.Recovered sound samples w/ correlativity coefficient=0.1758Discrepancy of AWGN=1V. ConclusionOrthogonality in OFDM introduced due to the usage of DSP engines FFT and IFFT have proven to be really effectual in the improving channel spectral use by leting the convergence of next channels to about half of the channels bandwidth. Besides transition and demodulation complexness is reduced due to the usage FFT techniques. As a consequence it is executable to utilize ML decrypting to retrieve binary informations. In this undertaking, a simple MATLAB theoretical account of OFDM was simulated to analyze OFDM utilizing FFT. The power of FFT-IFFT to present orthogoniality in subcarriers was demonstrated. The consequence of AWGN channel utilizing different noise discrepancies was illustrated. The consequences showed that little noise discrepancies, that is, high signal to resound rations had negligible consequence of original informations. which was apparent from the computation of correlativity coefficient of original and cured informations.VI. MentionsE. Lawrey, â€Å" The suitableness of OFDM as a transition technique for wireless telecommunications, with a CDMA comparing, † B. Eng. thesis, James Cook University, Oct. 1997. Anibal Luis Intini, â€Å" OFDM for Wireless Netwoks † , University of California, Santa Barbara, CA. Rep.Dec.2000. G. Acosta, † OFDM simulation utilizing MATLAB † , Georgia Institute of Technology, GA. Rep.Aug. 2000. Alan C. Brrooks and Stephan J. Hoelzer, â€Å" Design and Implementation of OFDM Signalling † , Rep.May.2001. John G.Proakis, Digital Signal Processing, 3rd erectile dysfunction. Mathematical description of OFDM. [ Online ] .Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wirelesscommunication.nl [ Revieved: 12/01/2010 ] ( Fig. 3 ) Matlab Tutorial. [ Online ] . Available: www.mathworks.com/academia/ EEL5525 Class Notes ( Fig. 1, 2 )

Illness in the Barrio Professor Ramos Blog

Illness in the Barrio In Sandra Cisneros Never Marry a Mexican she means to show the perspective of a mentally ill woman, Clemencia. By telling the story from this womans point of view we are forced to give our attention to a person that is typically villainized, dismissed or otherwise given the wrong attention. Clemencia is not fucking crazy thats dismissive, shes also not evil, shes ill. We romanticize the mentally ill for whatever reason but we should dissect them instead, and that is what I strive to do, I want to understand her burden of illness in hope for a cure. Sandra Cisneros raises awareness on mental illness by telling Clemencia’s story. Throughout the story she shows signs of grandiosity, narcissism, OCD, obsessive love disorder and borderline personality disorder. While I admit it is difficult to pinpoint her exact diagnosis I will point out a variety of varying and intersecting symptoms of disorders/illnesses that prove she is in fact sick. One could argue that Clemencia has borderline personality disorder or any variety of OCD since her symptoms are interchangeable. I would like to argue that she has obsessive love disorder but since OLD intersects with other forms of mental health disabilities its hard to say for sure. According to healthline.com symptoms of obsessive love disorder include: an overwhelming attraction to one person, obsessive thoughts about the person, possessive thoughts and actions and extreme jealousy over other interpersonal interactions (Cherney, Kristeen). She hates the white woman Megan and goes out of her way to put Gummy Bears in only her things. While Megan is giving birth Clemencia sleeps with her husband, shes so jealous that its almost vindictive, as if Drew is hers and Megan took him from her and now she needs to seek revenge, and she does by sleeping with her husband throughout their marriage. Clemencia is obsessive when she waits for their son to grow up so she can sleep with him and have power over him. She has an overwhelming attraction to Drew. She gives details to the color of his beard his skin and even finds her worth in his attraction to her. She is obsessed with Drew when she describes him nude as a pearl.. youd dissolve like snow(78). The death of Clemencia’s father was traumatizing for her and (while there could be genetic factors) this is where her illness stemmed from. When describing her father in the hospital she uses the word Daddy, this is childlike which makes you feel for her. When she describes how she feels she says, like if theyd beaten me, or pulled my insides out through my nostrils(74). Often times when it comes to trauma people remember the smells more than anything, she even says what she remembered most was the smell, like death was already sitting on his chest (74). This was painful for Clemencia and she never dealt with this old pain and it attached itself to an illness, it burdened her and consumed her life like a cancer. She never forgave her mother and hated her for cheating on her daddy while he was dying. Her longing and unresolved grief for her father carried over into adulthood into her obsession with Drew. And her hatred for her mother carried over into hating Megan. When she sleeps with their son she says I cant see a trace of my lover in this boy (82). But she also says he has an ass like his fathers and that back like a valentine (82). He resembled his father in some way and so her obsession continued into their son. He also looks like Megan so she uses the boy to gain power over him, and in an indirect way, get back at her mother. Directed at the boy Clemencia said I created you from spit and red dust. And I can snuff you between my finger and thumb if I want to (75). This is an example of narcissism; an excessive need for admiration. Later she sleeps with the boy, their son, and she gets a sense of power. Again, this could be linked to narcissism and/or obsessive love disorder. When Clemencia first starts telling her story she is bias, like most people, but unlike most people she uses sophism to tell it. Sophism is a type of rhetoric used by individuals who use logic to twist the meanings of words in order to represent themselves in a better light or to suit their needs. This is a tactic used commonly by those who suffer with a mental illness/disorder such as obsessive love disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. Sandra Cisneros shows Clementias use of sophism and her inability to take responsibility in the first two pages. The writer shows us that Clementias reality is a little warped hinting at her mental illness. An example of this is when she says Ive never married and never will. Not because I couldnt, but because Im too romantic for marriage†¦ It’s because I believe too much in marriage that I don’t. Better to not marry than live a lie (69). In reality she has commitment issues and a fear of Abandonment because her father abandoned her with his death. Then she frees herself from self-responsibility when she says â€Å"my mother did this to me† (69). She proceeds to blame men, her mother, anyone but herself. I think awareness is helpful especially when it comes to stigmas, but its not enough. I think a lot of people are deficient in love but the mentally illespecially. Clemencia is aware that something is off with herself. She says its something that poisons the blood and tips me when the night swells and I feel as if the whole sky were leaning against my brain(83). To summarize Sandra Cisneros she doesn’t know what makes her so crazy in the middle of the night whether it be suicide or homicide she is so outside of herself that she would be an innocent bystander (83). She needs help and maybe if she knew what she was suffering from she could get it. But of course if she knew she would still have obstacles in front of her since there is so much more to be discovered about mental illness. Why is it as a society that we romanticize those suffering with a mental illness but not physical illness? More often than not we don’t understand them so we either dismiss them with the title evil or we romanticize them. Imagine calling someone with a lower respiratory infection evil or someone with the simple flu, tissue in hand, throwing up in sexy villainous black costume. A few cinematic examples of this are Christian Bale from American Psycho, Jared Leto as the Joker and Zac Efron as Ted Bundy in the film extremely Wicked, shockingly evil and vile. By romanticizing the sick we are feeding their illness and ignoring their pain. Mental illness is one of the worst sicknesses to suffer from because it is so widely misunderstood and mistreated. Whether she suffers from narcissistic personality disorder or obsessive love disorder or any variety or combination or disorders Clementia is deprived of living her life because of her layer of narcissism that blocks her from being her self. Her defense mechanism sabotages her ability to live a healthy life and she spends it seeking revenge and obsessing over people. She is imprisoned by her anger and pain. Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek. Random House, Inc., 1991 Cherney, Kristeen. â€Å"Obsessive Love Dissorder†, Legg, Timothy J. January 10, 2018. Healthline.com

Settlement Patterns - Studying Societys Evolution

Settlement Patterns - Studying Societys Evolution In the scientific field of archaeology, the term settlement pattern refers to the evidence within a given region of the physical remnants of communities and networks. That evidence is used to interpret the way interdependent local groups of people interacted in the past. People have lived and interacted together for a very long time, and settlement patterns have been identified dating back to as long as humans have been on our planet. Settlement pattern as a concept was developed by social geographers in the late 19th century. The term referred then to how people live across a given landscape, in particular, what resources (water, arable land, transportation networks) they chose to live by and how they connected with one another: and the term is still a current study in geography of all flavors. Anthropological Underpinnings According to archaeologist Jeffrey Parsons, settlement patterns in anthropology began with the late 19th-century work of anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan who was interested in how modern Pueblo societies were organized. Julian Steward published his first work on aboriginal social organization in the American southwest in the 1930s: but the idea was first extensively used by archaeologists Phillip Phillips, James A. Ford and James B. Griffin in the Mississippi Valley of the United States during World War II, and by Gordon Willey in the Viru Valley of Peru in the first decades after the war. What led to that was the implementation of regional surface survey, also called pedestrian survey, archaeological studies not focused on a single site, but rather on an extensive area. Being able to systematically identify all the sites within a given region means archaeologists can look at not just how people lived at any one time, but rather how that pattern changed through time. Conducting regional survey means you can investigate the evolution of communities, and thats what archaeological settlement pattern studies do today. Patterns Versus Systems Archaeologists refer to both settlement pattern studies and settlement system studies, sometimes interchangeably. If there is a difference, and you could argue about that, it might be that pattern studies look at the observable distribution of sites, while system studies look at how the people living at those sites interacted: modern archaeology cant really do one with the other, but if youd like to follow through, see the discussion in Drennan 2008 for more information about the historical differentiation. History of Settlement Pattern Studies Settlement pattern studies were first conducted using regional survey, in which archaeologists systematically walked over hectares and hectares of land, typically within a given river valley. But the analysis only truly became feasible after remote sensing was developed, beginning with photographic methods such as those used by Pierre Paris at Oc Eo but now, of course, using satellite imagery. Modern settlement pattern studies combine with satellite imagery, background research, surface survey, sampling, testing, artifact analysis, radiocarbon and other dating techniques. And, as you might imagine, after decades of research and advances in technology, one of the challenges of settlement patterns studies has a very modern ring to it: big data. Now that GPS units and artifact and environmental analysis are all intertwined, how to do you analyze the huge amounts of data that are collected? By the end of the 1950s, regional studies had been performed in Mexico, the United States, Europe, and Mesopotamia; but they have since expanded throughout the world. Sources Balkansky AK. 2008. Settlement pattern analysis. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1978-1980. doi: 10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00293-4 Drennan RD. 2008. Settlement system analysis. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1980-1982. 10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00280-6 Kowalewski SA. 2008. Regional Settlement Pattern Studies. Journal of Archaeological Research 16:225–285. Parsons JR. 1972. Archaeological settlement patterns. Annual Review of Anthropology 1:127-150.

Multiculturalism Issues in Curriculum Assignment

Multiculturalism Issues in Curriculum - Assignment Example It shall also make recommendations and/or predictions for the future of this issue. Finally, it shall establish support for recommendations and/or predictions with this research. Body The multicultural curriculum has its roots in the history of multicultural education which follows the history of the US civil rights movement (Fillion, n.d). The desegregation practices during the 1950s were established in order to provide equal education for all individuals, regardless of race or any other demographic considerations. The 1960s and 1970s, desegregation practices expanded to include application in seeking equity of all students in terms of their human rights (Banks, 2000). With the focus on human rights, multicultural concerns in education were considered, recognizing the importance of establishing awareness in a culturally diverse community. The changes in the teaching curriculum came under the collective heading of multiculturalism. These changes were also apparent in Britain and in A ustralia just as they were unfolding in the US (Lynch, 1983). The educational authorities recognized the fact that the curriculum must come from the social and the ethical concepts being seen in the multicultural setting. Various references to the inherent value of all human beings were also highlighted, and this attached value was also seen in the human rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s (Lynch, 1983). In these states, the focus was on acknowledging the need for the multicultural curriculum and for teachers to support and promote such a program. Research was then carried out and workshops with teachers implemented. Such actions were able to establish that even as many resources were needed in order to â€Å"bring teachers to the level to the level of multicultural teaching acceptable to the proponents of multicultural curriculum, an emphasis must be placed on institutions of higher learning to require the incorporation of inclusionary multicultural methods and practice in the teacher certification process† (Fillion, n.d, p. 1). In effect, without any inclusionary methods in the institutions of higher learning, the multicultural curriculum could not find its place in the educational system. One of the issues in the multicultural curriculum revolves around the fact that the US is composed of different racial groups, but the educational system, including the curricula, the books, the resources, and other teaching materials are founded on White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, otherwise known as the mainstream Americans (Tiedt and Tiedt, 2000). This type of curriculum largely does not consider the experiences, the history, and the culture of other racial and ethnic groupings in the US (Banks, 1988). This type of curriculum has a negative impact on minorities as well as those belonging to the mainstream culture. This is because racism and ethnocentrism are protected and nourished under this mainstream-supported culture. A mainstream-focused curriculum has a neg ative impact on the mainstream students because it further supports their sense of superiority, misleading their understanding of their relationship with other members of society, especially the ethnic minorities (Banks, 1988). The lack of a multicultural curriculum also prevents the process of understanding concepts and information from the point of view of other cultures and races. Another issue with the