The Impact of Buddhism on Indian Society Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Buddhism on Indian Society Essay It has been said that Buddhism came as a reaction to the corruption of the Vedic ideals that were governing the Indian society. The Vedic ideals which were governing society till then had become conventional and lost their inner force. As we have seen in the earlier chapter, the caste system had a high and noble goal; but now it tended to become hereditary, rigid and inelastic. At the same time the teachings of the Vedic Rishis were being applied in a more and more ritualistic and mechanical manner. As already seen, Indian society was graded in such a way that all men could participate in a full life according to their stage of evolution under the control of Dharma. As and when one was ready, one could take up the full spiritual life at the appropriate time. Life was not divided into the spiritual life and the ordinary life for it was a gradual ascension into spirituality. But now with the weakening of the Vedic ideals, spirituality waned and the fulfilment of life became an excuse for the uncontrolled indulgence of desires and worldly satisfactions. A temporary period of negation was therefore necessary. Buddhism with its exaggerated stress on the unreality of this world and worldly desires seemed to satisfy this need. In sum, Buddhism came as a reaction to the lowering of the Vedic ideals. However, Buddhism by its exaggerated emphasis on quiescence and self-abnegation, unwisely created a division in society; it created two distinct classes the monk and the layman, the man of the world and the spiritual man. This division implied that the man of the world was inferior to the monk and thus relegated worldly action to the lowest importance. This division of society into two classes, namely the spiritual seekers and the ordinary man created a disharmony and became the author of confusion in society. As a result, under its influence half the nation moved in the direction of spiritual passivity and negation, the other by a natural reaction plunged deep into a splendid but enervating materialism. The Indian race lost three parts of its ancient heroic manhood, its grasp on the world, its magnificently ordered polity and its noble social fabric. Thus Buddhism weakened Indian society although Buddha himself contributed greatly to Indian spirituality. Buddhism never really took firm root in India; it was outside India, in China and Japan and Tibet that it got established. But the Buddha himself was recognised by Indian religion as one of the Avatars. However, it must be added that the Buddhist influence on art was considerable and it inspired for centuries Indian sculpture and painting. Indeed some of the finest pieces of Indian art have been the direct result of Buddhistic influence; one such example is the painting and sculptures in Ajanta and Ellora. It will not be out of place to note the differences between Hinduism and Buddhism. 1.  Hinduism is based on the Veda while Buddhism rejects the Veda. Veda means revealed knowledge, which one accepts in order to grow in knowledge. Buddhism accepts nothing on trust, but asks to test everything by one’s reason and experience. 2. The first principle that Vedic Knowledge posits is Sat, Being, Pure Existence, Reality. The first principle Buddhism posits is Asat, Non-Being, Non-Reality. 3. This metaphysical position is faithfully translated in the respective logical positions of the two. Buddhist logic considers negation as a simple contrary to affirmation. It is not an entity; it is the lack of entity.  Hindu logic makes of negation a positive statement but on the minus side, just as Hindu mathematics did not consider zero as valueless but gave a special position to it. 4. The Vedic Rishis declared that all existence is built upon delight, all things are born out of delight and move from delight to delight, and delight is their final culmination. Buddhism said misery is the hallmark of things created; sorrow is the marrow and pith and the great secret of existence. In sum, while Buddha was a great spiritual personality, an embodiment of compassion, the religion of Buddhism could not take complete hold of the Indian people.

Exercise And Drugs On Cardiovascular System

Exercise And Drugs On Cardiovascular System The experiment was carried out in order to examine the effects of propanolol, salbutamol and GTN in subjects at rest and during exercise. This was done by taking recordings of SBP, DBP, MAP, PP, HR and PEFR at rest and during exercise for each drug. Using t-tests the results for each drug were compared at rest and during exercise in order to prove that changes were significant. However, only HR using propanolol was shown to have a significant decrease (two sample t-test, t=3.01, p=0.01). This was concluded to be because the subjects used were not medically unfit (in need of using the drugs). Introduction. Heart disease is an increasing cause of death in western countries due to unhealthy lifestyles smoking cigarettes, consuming alcohol, diets high in salt and fats as well as a lack of exercise. Because of this, a lot of medical research goes into developing drugs which lower the high blood pressure, brought about by an unhealthy lifestyle, as well as decrease heart rate in severe cases, provide acute relief of angina pectoris, reduce mortality following myocardial infarction and prevent recurrence of tachyarrhythmias, as stated by Craig and Stitzel (2004). Three of these drugs, propanolol, salbutamol and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), were used in the experiment. Propanolol is a non-selective ÃŽÂ ²-adrenoreceptor antagonistic drug (Geddes Grosset 2006). It is used to treat angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, certain cardiac dysrhythmias and hypertension (Marcovitch 2007). Propanolols mode of action works by depressing myocardium cellular cardiac membrane excitability. This membrane stabilising is thought to be effective against arrhythmias (Craig Stitzel 2004). It also decreases blood pressure, heart rate, myocardial contractility, cardiac output (and therefore arterial pressure) as well as conduction velocity in the heart (Craig Stitzel 2004). The drug is administered orally as it is subject to a significant degree of first-pass metabolism as well as extensive absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract. Because of this, during the experiment, the subject had to wait 50 minutes after taking the drug before taking recordings as propanolols peak therapeutic effect occurs between 1 and 1.5 hours after the drug is administered. I expect no change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest after propanolol is taken. However, during post-drug exercise I predict there to be a reduction in MAP as well as blood pressure (Wheatley 1981). 1 -1-Salbutamol is a short acting, selective ÃŽÂ ²2-adrenoreceptor agonist drug (Marcovitch 2007). Salbutamol treats bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Naish et al 2009) by inducing bronchodilation. Although the drug has adrenergic effects, it has minimal cardiac stimulation (Craig Stitzel 2004). Salbutamol is inhaled as a spray using a metered dose in haler (MDI) (Marcovitch 2007). By inhaling the drug, it immediately enters the bronchi in the lungs (the source of the bronchospasm) and provides a rapid onset of action and acute relief (Craig Stitzel 2004). Salbutamols maximal effect is reached within 5 to 20 minutes of administration (Dale et al 2003). Because of this, readings could be taken straight away during the experiment. For salbutamol I expect an increase in PEFR after the drug has been taken but no change in heart rate during post-drug exercise. Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is a ÃŽÂ ²-adrenoreceptor antagonist and a potent vasodilator (Dale et al 2003). It is used to treat ischaemic heart disease, angina pectoris and coronary spasm (Marcovitch 2007). GTN relieves coronary spasm by redistributing coronary flow towards ischaemic areas via collaterals (collateral vessels that bypass narrowed coronary arteries (Dale et al 2003). Angina is due to a lack of oxygen in myocardium (Naish et al 2009). GTN acts to relieve angina by decreasing circulating blood volume, thus reducing the metabolic demand of the heart. It does this predominantly by dilating the veins, therefore decreasing preload and ventricular diastolic volume. GTN is administered sublingually as an oral tablet. Administration of GTN in this way allows it to pass straight into systemic circulation, thus avoiding the portal system and first-pass metabolism (Dale et el 2003). GTNs onset of action occurs within 2 to 5 minutes, with its maximal effects occurring between 3 a nd 10 minutes of administration (Craig Stitzel 2004). For these reasons, recordings were taken straight away (for 12 minutes) during the experiment. After GTN is taken, I expect to see a decrease in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the heart rate. The aim of the experiment was to improve understanding of how propanolol, salbutamol and GTN are useful in treating the various forms of heart disease and how their physiology in the cardiovascular system operates. Method. 3 subjects, 2 female and 1 male, were deemed medically sound by a medical supervisor to take one of the following drugs, propanolol, salbutamol and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Each of these drugs was obtained from a licensed chemist. All three subjects were seated comfortably at right angles to the lab bench. Using an electrical sphygmomanometer, each subjects resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at 3 minute intervals for 9 minutes. From the SBP and DBP values, the pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were calculated at each interval using the following formulas: 2PP = SBP DBP MAP = (PP/3) + DBP Also, for the two subjects chosen to take propanolol (subject A) and salbutamol (subject B), a Wright peak flow mini-meter was used to measure peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) at each interval. A mean of each recorded value across all subjects was calculated and recorded. Subjects A and B then took it in turn to use the cycle ergometer. The seat was adjusted to a comfortable height for cycling and a note of the seat height, for exercise after the drug was taken, was made. A load setting of 2 Kp was set and the subjects, in turn, were kept connected to the sphygmomanometer as they pedalled for 2 minutes at approximately 80 rpm. HR values were recorded every 15 seconds for both subject A and B. After exercise and prior to taking the drug, subject A and Bs HR, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded (HR every 15 seconds, SBP, DBP and PEFR every minute) for five minutes. PP and MAP were also calculated where possible (i.e. at the minute intervals). Subject A then took four 10 mg tablets (i.e. 40 mg) of propanolol and waited for 50 minutes to allow absorption of the drug. Using a sphygmomanometer, the first stage of the experiment was repeated with SBP, DBP, PP, MAP, HR and PEFR, as well as a mean value for each, were calculated and recorded at 3 minute intervals for 9 minutes. The subject then repeated exercise on the cycle ergometer, ensuring that the same height was used, a 2 Kp load setting was again used and a cycling average of 80 rpm was maintained. During this post-drug exercise HR was taken at 15 second intervals for 2 minutes. After post-drug exercise, HR, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded, PP and MAP were also calculated and recorded. HR was recorded every 15 seconds, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded every minute. These recordings were taken for 5 minutes. Subject B then took two doses of 0.1 mg (in separate inspirations) of salbutamol using a metered dose inhaler (MDI). The same steps as taken for subject B (post drug) were repeated. Using a sphygmomanometer, the first stage of the experiment was repeated with SBP, DBP, PP, MAP, HR and PEFR, as well as a mean value for each, were calculated and recorded at 3 minute intervals for 9 minutes. The subject then repeated exercise on the cycle ergometer, ensuring that the same height was used, a 2 Kp load setting was again used and a cycling average of 80 rpm was maintained. During this post-drug exercise HR was taken at 15 second intervals for 2 minutes. 3 After post-drug exercise, HR, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded, PP and MAP were also calculated and recorded. HR was recorded every 15 seconds, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded every minute. These recordings were taken for 5 minutes. Finally, subject C (glyceryl trinitrate) was administered 500 Â µg of glyceryl trinitrate (oral tablet form) sublingually whilst comfortably sat at right angles to the lab desk. By sitting down, tachycardia and postural hypotension due to venous pooling in the legs was minimised). Subject C was also connected to the sphygmomanometer. Readings of SBP, DBP, PP, MAP and HR were then calculated and recorded at 3 minute intervals for 30 minutes. At 12 minutes, the tablet had still not dissolved and so the subject chewed the tablet and placed the debris back under the tongue. It was also noted that subject C suffered from a slight headache due to decreased blood pressure. Statistics. To examine the results, the relevant data was used in statistical paired two sample t-tests so that it could be seen whether or not an increase or decrease across the data was of significance. Data was represented in the text with a standard error of the mean to show how accurate the data was by showing how much of the data in a sample was close to the mean value. Results. For propanolol, it was predicted that there would be no change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest after propanolol is taken and that there would be a reduction in heart rate (HR) as well as blood pressure (BP). There was an increase in mean MAP at rest pre-propanolol (89.3 Â ± 15.3 mmHg, n=8) to post-propanolol (90.3 Â ± 20.3 mmHg, n=8) of 1 mmHg (two sample t-test, t=-0.21, p=0.84). This was an insignificant increase. At rest there was a decrease in mean HR from pre-propanolol (78 Â ± 13 bpm, n=8) to post-propanolol (65.86 Â ± 15.14 bpm, n=8) of 12.14 bpm, a significant decrease (two sample t-test, t=3.01, p=0.01). Blood pressure of the subjects immediately after beginning post-propanolol exercise (60.4 Â ± 40.4 mmHg, n=8) showed an average decrease of 19 mmHg compared to the subjects at pre-propanolol exercise (79.4 Â ± 28.6 mmHg, n=8) (two sample t-test, t=1.28, p=0.23). The t-test shows that this was not a significant decrease. For salbutamol it was hypothesized that there would be an increase in PEFR after the drug has been taken but no change in heart rate during post-drug exercise. PEFR of the subjects 5 minutes into exercise, post-salbutamol (505 Â ± 155 lpm, n=8) averaged 22.14 lpm higher than the subjects 5 minutes into exercise, pre-salbutamol (482.86 Â ± 177.14, n=8). However, this was not a significant difference (two sample t-test, t=-0.43, p=0.68). 5 minutes into exercise, there was an increase in HR of 5.71 bpm between pre-salbutamol (84.43 Â ± 22.57 bpm, n=8) and post-salbutamol (90.14 Â ± 15.14 bpm, n=8). However, the t-test showed this to be an insignificant increase (two sample t-test, t=-0.81, p=0.43). 5 Finally, it was hypothesized that GTN would cause a decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a decrease in the heart rate. SBP showed an average decrease of 4.43 mmHg between an initial baseline of 115.14 Â ± 10 mmHg, n=8, and 30 minutes after the drug had been taken, 110.71 Â ± 8.29, n=8. This was shown not to be a significant decrease in SBP by a t-test (two sample t-test, t=1.02, p=0.33). The HR during the GTN experiment was seen to increase from 72.57 Â ± 15.43 bpm, n=8, to 75.86 Â ± 14.86 bpm, n=8. This was a total increase of 3.29 bpm. Again, this was not a significant increase as shown by the t-test carried out (two sample t-test, t=-0.61, p=0.56). Discussion. My hypotheses for propanolol were that I expected no change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest after propanolol was taken. However, during post-drug exercise I predicted there to be a reduction in MAP as well as blood pressure (Wheatley 1981). The results have shown that there wasnt a significant increase in MAP at rest (two sample t-test, t=-0.21, p=0.84). However, the p-value shows that there is a large chance of error. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in heart rate at rest (two sample t-test, t=3.01, p=0.01) with less than 1% chance of error. For salbutamol it was expected that there would be an increase in PEFR after the drug had been taken but no change in heart rate during post-drug exercise. There was an increase in PEFR of 22.14 lpm 5 minutes into exercise after taking salbutamol. However, the t-test showed that this was not a significant increase. After GTN was taken, I expected to see a decrease in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the heart rate. The experiment showed that neither of these hypotheses was correct as although there was a decrease in SBP of 4.43 mmHg, there was an increase in HR of 3.29 bpm. Neither of these changes was shown to be significant. 6 During the experiment, the subjects chosen to take the drug were required to have a certain standard of medical fitness, with regards to blood pressure, in order to participate and take either propanolol, salbutamol or GTN. This was biased as the drugs are normally prescribed to patients with hypertension or who suffer from heart diseases such as angina. Therefore, the lack of significance in changes in the majority of the results could be because the subjects did not have a high blood pressure or heart disease, they were deemed medically fit and so antihypertensive drugs such as propanolol and GTN did not have many significant effects. Therefore in order to improve the experiment, I would use a wide range of both male and female subjects deemed medically fit (normal) as well as medical subjects deemed medically unfit. I would also carry out more t-tests comparing all aspects measured (SBP, DBP, PEFR, MAP, PP and HR). In such an experiment I would expect to see a significant change in recordings such as SBP and HR in the medically unfit patients after they had taken the drugs (propanolol, GTN or salbutamol). The physiological mechanisms which control HR and ventilation with respect to exercise are pH and oxygen supply. When the oxygen supply is too low and pH too acidic (due to an accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood) HR increases and smooth muscle in the bronchi dilates to increase oxygen supply and blood flow to the muscles. However, in subjects with an already high heart rate, it is dangerous to increase it further and so when exercising it is necessary to take drugs developed to decrease blood pressure so that the heart has to work less to deliver blood around the body and thus HR is decreased. The salbutamol had little effect in the subjects because although the drug has adrenergic effects, it has minimal cardiac stimulation (Craig Stitzel 2004). Therefore only a change in PEFR would be expected. 7

Business Start Up in Dubai

Business Start Up in Dubai Dubai internet city Introduction Why opt for Dubai Internet city Key Benefits of Dubai Internet City Expense of starting the business in Dubai Industry Potential Quickest developing ICT Regions in the globe Websites used Introduction Dubai Internet City (DIC) is the ICT centre point in the Middle East as well as Northern Africa. From the beginning of the year 2000, DIC was able to effectively create a flourishing biological system for engineering associations and was a kind of the heralds in taking the vision of Dubai for switching into a learning-based market. DIC is a hub to Fortune 500 organizations and MNCs, together with worldwide names, for example, Facebook along with Linkedin, and additionally a percentage of the districts largely dynamic and fruitful engineering SMEs and new companies as of all components of the ICT quality chain. DIC gives access to a far reaching multi-lingual ability group with an assortment of aptitudes and engineering skill. It gives colossal offices including condition of-the-workmanship business locales, a vigorous IT framework, 24-hour protection, retail administrations and lodgings, extended over the business parks interesting and peaceful countryside: an atmosphere that assists ICT organizations create, advance and develop. DIC has observed a strong activity to help and support business visionaries, new companies and SMEs by the production of the In5 advancement centre and First Steps business place. In5 plans to encourage and advance business enterprise and development keeping in mind the end goal to further create the innovation commence biological community in Dubai, giving base, right to use the financing, plus a self-motivated and captivating work space to industrialists. Why opt for Dubai Internet city DIC gives a far reaching biological system, base, and atmosphere for organizations who desire to start their ICT industry in the UAE. DIC presents a one-stop shop agreement, offering Business Partners the option to concentrate on their central actions including organization consolidation, exchange permit, licences to trade and visa administrations. One-Shop Stop Rapid Registration procedure Business integration License to sell Visa provisions Telecom and Internet provisions Data Services Talent administration Fitness, defence and security Services Organizations placed at DIC additionally appreciate an assemblage of free zone advantages together with 100% possession, nonexistence of business and individual income taxes or custom duties, and liberated repatriation of funds and earnings in any exchange notes. Organizations laid down in DIC delight in an atmosphere that draws in distinctive components of the essence chain from Banking and investment, Insurance, IT, lawful to Airways and generosity sectors. Key Benefits of Dubai Internet City 100 % exclusion from individual salary charge (income tax) for a long time i.e. 50 years 100 % exclusion from corporate assessments for a long time i.e. 50 years 100 % overseas proprietorship 100 % repatriation of earnings Metro Ethernet atmosphere Self-motivated universal group Prospects for business collaboration and expansion of economy Prospects for channel and business improvement Communications framework focused around cutting edge innovations Digital voice and quick data services presented at reasonable expenses Websites used http://www.dubaiinternetcity.com/ http://www.dubai.ae/en/Lists/Articles/DispForm.aspx?ID=109category=Businesses www.tecom.ae/portfolio/business-parks/dubai-internet-city/

My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay example -- Philoso

My Educational Goals and Philosophy Education is the foundation of today's society. Without it, there is no future. Every other career begins on that first day of kindergarten, when a nervous student stumbles into the classroom and finds a chair in the corner of the room. At that moment, a teacher plays a pivotal role in the child's fate. If they are successful in making the child feel comfortable, they can nurture the student's desire to learn. If they are not successful, they may hinder this pursuit. Education has two major, seemingly contradictory, purposes. First, it transmits a country's culture to the next generation. Secondly, it gives societies a vehicle for changing the culture. I believe that it is essential for students to come into contact with their peers and with adults of similar and different backgrounds. This promotes tolerance and growth. Teachers should instill values in their students. They have an amazing opportunity to make an investment in the future. However, sometimes learning comes best through interaction with people of the same age. By befriending students of different races and economic statuses, children can recognize the differences and similarities between them and learn to accept and even appreciate each other for these. If society has veered down the wrong path, this social interaction between students can have tremendous rectifying powers. If students are taught to hate people of a certain color, religion, sexual orientation, etc., being around people with these characteristics, with no way to avoid them, can show students that the ideas that they have been taught may be misconceptions. Students then have the power to disagree with this hatred and contribute that to ... ...l immediately. Here, I will test my views. Eventually, I hope to continue my education by pursuing a Master Degree. I am also interested in teaching at the collegiate level at some point in my career. Whatever level I end up on, I hope to have a positive effect on the lives I come into contact with. I believe teaching is such a fulfilling career because everyday educators have the opportunity to change a child for the better. Giving students a well-rounded education, focusing on traditional subjects, which all other fields stem from, will enable the world to continue advancing and change with the times. Part of a well-rounded education also includes evoking positive interactions between people of different backgrounds. I believe that a teacher who strives to accomplish these goals has done more than fulfilled their job requirements. They have become a hero.

Satire in George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) :: Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essays

Satire in 1984 1984 is a political parable. George Orwell wrote the novel to show society what it could become if things kept getting worse. The first paragraph of the book tells the reader of the "swirl of gritty dust....The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats." Just from these few lines Orwell makes it clear that there was absolutely nothing victorious abuot Victory Mansions. Every image the reader recieves from Winston Smith is pessimistic. Hate week, for example, is a big event in Oceania. The citizens prepare for it like Christmas. Instead of jolly songs with family and friends over punch, Hate week is celebrated with fists in the air while chanting about death, Goldstien, and whatever the party wanted the citizens to disgust. Winston hates the party and Big Brother. He hates the "pure" ones, also. Everthing about Winston's life drives him closer and closer to a suicidal point each day. What makes things worse, hte Party makes Winston think that he is crazy for wanting to be free to think and for wanting to remember. These simple things are taken for granted today. George Orwell devilishly illustrates the brutality that man can be capabel of when he is given such power. The people of Oceania are forced to love Big Brother. There is possibly no one that loves Bill Clinton, besides his family. there are several that love to makes fun of him, but on the political mainstream love is not involved as it is in Oceania. The setting in itself is an extremely important part of the novel. Winston lived in a "dark, gray drab jungle." Posters of Big Brothr were everywhere. The telescreen could see and hear asmost everything that Winston did. However, Winston could hide from it long enough to write in his diary even though he knew he would get caught eventually. Winston was alienated before Julia. He didn't have much contact with other people; he was constantly hungry both physically and emotionally. However, it is ironic that Winston enjoys the work he does but he hates

Resolve Conflicts

RESOLVING CONFLICT The conflict resolution requires great managerial skills. Here we are trying to give a solution to a conflict turning it in a constructive side. If one party exercises the principles of interaction, listens, and us the six steps of collaborative resolution, that party may be able to end the conflict constructively. At the very least, he or she may be able to prevent the conflict from turning into a fight by choosing an alternative to destructive interaction? † There is a difference between resolving a conflict and managing conflict.Resolving a conflict ends the dispute by satisfying the interests of both parties. Managing a conflict contains specialized interaction that prevents a dispute from becoming a destructive battle. Managing a conflict attends to the personal issues so as to allow for a constructive relationship, even though the objective issues may not be resolvable. For example, the former Soviet Union and the United States managed their conflict du ring the Cold War by using a variety of mechanisms. The objective issues in the dispute were not resolved, and neither were the personal issues, which contained significant perceptual differences.However, both sides attended significantly to the relationship to keep the disagreement from turning into a destructive battle. Our goal in conflict always should be to seek a resolution based on mutual gain. Realistically, however, resolution is not always possible. When this is the case, we must manage the conflict to ensure that the relationship is constructive and that open communication is maintained. We Listen to Conflict to understand the other party and demonstrate the acceptance required to maintain the relationship

How Is Romeo and Juliet Relationship Presented

One of the play’s most consistent visual motifs is the contrast between light and dark, often in terms of night/day imagery. Need Evidence! This contrast is not given a particular metaphoric meaning—light is not always good, and dark is not always evil. On the contrary, light and dark are generally used to provide a sensory contrast and to hint at opposed alternatives. One of the more important instances of this motif is Romeo’s lengthy meditation on the sun and the moon during the balcony scene, in which Juliet, metaphorically described as the sun, is seen as banishing the â€Å"envious moon† and transforming the night into day (2. . 46). A similar blurring of night and day occurs in the early morning hours after the lovers’ only night together. Romeo, forced to leave for exile in the morning, and Juliet, not wanting him to leave her room, both try to pretend that it is still night, and that the light is actually darkness: â€Å"More light and light, more dark and dark our woes† (3. 5. 36) The Inevitability of Fate In its first address to the audience, the Chorus states that Romeo and Juliet are â€Å"star-crossed†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is to say that fate (a power often vested in the movements of the stars) controls them (Prologue. ). This sense of fate permeates the play, and not just for the audience. The characters also are quite aware of it: Romeo and Juliet constantly see omens. When Romeo believes that Juliet is dead, he cries out, â€Å"Then I defy you, stars,† completing the idea that the love between Romeo and Juliet is in opposition to the decrees of destiny (5. 1. 24). Of course, Romeo’s defiance itself plays into the hands of fate, and his determination to spend eternity with Juliet results in their deaths. The mechanism of fate works in all of the events surrounding the lovers: the feud between their families (it is worth noting that this hatred is never explained; rather, the reader must accept it as an undeniable aspect of the world of the play); the horrible series of accidents that ruin Friar Lawrence’s seemingly well-intentioned plans at the end of the play; and the tragic timing of Romeo’s suicide and Juliet’s awakening. These events are not mere coincidences, but rather manifestations of fate that help bring about the unavoidable outcome of the young lovers’ deaths. The concept of fate described above is the most commonly accepted interpretation. There are other possible readings of fate in the play: as a force determined by the powerful social institutions that influence Romeo and Juliet’s choices, as well as fate as a force that emerges from Romeo and Juliet’s very personalities. Link this to Friar Lawernce! STRUCTURE -briefly answer the question awhat the relationship is like, what sort of impression you get of the relationship. Second paragraph)-Context- write about how men/women were supposed to behave when the plays were written a how is this reflected in the text? (this bit is essential for Band 4/5). How do you think an audience might have responded to the relationship when the play was first performed? How might a modern audienceas response be different? (Third paragraph)- How language reveals the relationship- select 3 or 4 key examples of words that reveal to you the relationship a might be a simile /metaphor that has be en used or a striking phrase/word. Try to select them from the different scenes you are focusing on. For each make sure you analyse how the word/phrase suggests ideas about the relationship, not just what it suggests. (Fourth paragraph)- How structure reveals the relationship- think in particular about the relationship changes as the play progresses- analyze how Shakespeare shows the relationship changing as the play goes on. (Fifth paragraph)- How dramatic techniques reveal the relationship- this might include: the setting; actions; stage directions. Try to find one or two examples Shakespeare presents Romeo & Juliet's early relationship as a love-hate affair. By this I mean that although they love each other immensely, they are surrounded by the hate of their two families Arranged marriages were very common at the time depending on your social status and love had no meaning. At the time marrying at the age of 12 appeared to be normal, however now is frowned at.